Sel Limfosit B dapat membentuk struktur protein khusus yang disebut antibodi. Protein khusus
ini dimigrasikan ke bagian membran sel, kemudian berfungsi mengenali dan
mengikat sel asing atau organisme asing yang ditemui, dan melumpuhkannya.
Antibodi pada dasarnya adalah protein yang sangat spesifik yang terbentuk
sebagai respons dari kehadiran antigen.
Antibodi tersusun atas dua tipe rantai polipeptida yaitu rantai
ringan (light chain) dan rantai
berat (heavy chain). Struktur gabungan
kedua rantai tersebut membentuk huruf Y. Di tengah-tengah ikatan rantai
tersebut terdapat daerah Hinge (Hinge
Region) yang memungkinkan rantai-rantai polipeptida untuk bergerak. Setiap
lengan dari antibody memiliki daerah pengikat antigen (antigen-binding site).
Umumnya antibodi terdiri atas sekelompok protein yang berada pada
fraksi-fraksi globulin serum. Fraksi-fraksi globulin serum ini dinamakan
imunoglobulin atau disingkat Ig. Immunoglobin (disingkat Ig) dibagi menjadi lima kelas, yaitu IgA,
IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM. Perhatikan gambar berikut ini.
IgM merupakan antibodi pertama yang disekresikan sebagai
respons kekebalan tubuh. Setelah mengikat antigen, IgM memicu aktifnya protein komplemen.
IgM juga dapat mengikat antigen atau patogen menjadi gumpalan sehingga
memudahkan fagositosis makrofag.
IgG mengaktifkan protein komplemen dan menetralkan banyak
racun. Jumlah IgG paling banyak dan tahan lama. IgG merupakan satu-satunya
antibodi yang dapat melewati plasenta dan menjaga janin dengan kekebalan tubuh
ibunya. IgG juga disekresikan dalam kolostrum.
IgA mencegah masuknya virus atau bakteri melalui jaringan
epitel mukosa sistem pencernaan, pernapasan, dan saluran reproduksi. IgA
ditemukan juga pada air liur, air mata, dan kolostrum.
IgE memicu peradangan jika cacing parasit menyerang tubuh.
IgE juga berperan dalam reaksi alergi.
IgD tidak mengaktifkan sistem komplemen dan tidak dapat
melewati plasenta. IgD diduga berfungsi dalam diferensi sel limfosit B menjadi
sel plasma dan sel B memori.
Sumber :
Buku Biologi XI Pengarang Fictor Ferdinand P dan Moekti Ariebowo.
Demikian
saya ucapkan terima kasih untuk kunjungannya, semoga bermanfaat bagi kita
semua. Silahkan kasih komentar jika ada yang hal-hal yang ingin ditanyakan
tentang Materi dan Soal Biologi SMP SMA Rembang.
Atau contact saya di no HP. 085641467626. Atau via email di co.gaul86@gmail.com.
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